可生物降解的合成和天然塑料

Biodegradable materials are considered all materials that decompose due to the intervention of fungi and other microorganisms present in nature. When a substance is attacked by bacteria, the decomposition process begins, extracting enzymes to help convert the initial product into simpler elements. The final stage involves gradually absorbing particles from the soil.

另一方面，不可分解的物质只会留在土壤中并破坏周围的生态系统。 大多数现代合成材料都没有可以简化它们的细菌， 所以它们会随着时间的推移保持完整，从而污染环境。

On the other hand, non decomposable substances will only remain in the soil and damage the surrounding ecosystem. Most modern synthetic materials do not have bacteria that can simplify them, so they will remain intact over time, thereby polluting the environment.

玉米或小麦淀粉制成的可生物降解塑料目前正在以工业规模生产，例如用于制造垃圾袋。 这些塑料的降解可能需要 6 到 24 个月，地下或水中，取决于淀粉掺入的速度。

Biodegradable plastics made from corn or wheat starch are currently being produced on an industrial scale, for example in the manufacturing of garbage bags. The degradation of these plastics may take 6 to 24 months, underground or in water, depending on the rate of starch incorporation.

同样，由黑麦或压缩纤维制成的完全可生物降解的塑料可以替代石油基塑料。 其中一种以黑麦淀粉为基础，以颗粒状材料的形式出现，用于制作菜肴。 变化时 成分及塑化工艺，可获得密度、弹性模量、拉伸强度、变形等技术特性， 等等。 这些材料的特性与石化来源的常规聚合物的特性非常相似。

Similarly, completely biodegradable plastics made from rye or compressed fibers can replace petroleum based plastics. One of them is based on rye starch and appears in the form of granular materials, used to make dishes. When the composition and plasticization process change, technical characteristics such as density, elastic modulus, tensile strength, deformation, etc. can be obtained. The characteristics of these materials are very similar to those of conventional polymers from petrochemical sources.

在这一组中，有一些类型的合成聚合物可以自然降解或通过添加可以加速其降解的物质。 这些塑料包括氧可生物降解塑料和聚（ε-己内酯）（PCL）。 可生物降解的氧化塑料是合成塑料，其中将促进氧化的化学添加剂添加到组合物中以启动或加速氧化降解过程以产生可生物降解的产品。 PCL 是一种用于医疗应用的可生物降解和生物相容性热塑性聚酯。

In this group, there are some types of synthetic polymers that can degrade naturally or accelerate their degradation by adding substances. These plastics include oxygen biodegradable plastics and polymers（ ε- Caprolactone (PCL). Biodegradable oxidized plastics are synthetic plastics in which chemical additives that promote oxidation are added to the composition to initiate or accelerate the oxidative degradation process to produce biodegradable products. PCL is a biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastic polyester used in medical applications.

天然可生物降解聚合物，也称为生物聚合物，由可再生资源制成。 我们提到的一些产品包括植物产生的多糖（玉米淀粉、木薯等）， 微生物生产的聚酯 （主要是各种细菌）、天然橡胶等。

Natural biodegradable polymers, also known as biopolymers, are made from renewable resources. Some of the products we mentioned include polysaccharides produced by plants (corn starch, cassava, etc.), polyester produced by microorganisms (mainly various bacteria), natural rubber, etc.

纸和天然织物

Paper and natural fabrics

我们在日常生活中以某种方式使用纸张，它也可以是一种可生物降解的材料。 他们可能是 纸巾、餐巾纸、笔记本、报纸、信件、牛皮纸袋、收据、停车票、纸盘和纸杯、表格和应用程序，甚有用的文章。 既然我们都被纸包围了，为什么不重复使用呢？

We use paper in some way in our daily lives, and it can also be a biodegradable material. They may be tissues, napkins, laptops, newspapers, letters, kraft paper bags, receipts, parking tickets, paper trays and cups, forms and applications, and even useful articles. Since we are all surrounded by paper, why not reuse it?

您可以改用流行的化学品和棉花、黄麻、亚麻、羊毛或丝绸面料制成的衣服。 除了丝绸，天然面料更便宜，穿着舒适，透气。 与合成织物不同，天然织物是可生物降解的，不需要经过合成过程。 这些产品的许多好处是它们很容易分解并且不会产生有毒的副产品。 另一方面，尼龙、涤纶、莱卡等。 它们是通过合成加工制造的，是不可生物降解的织物。

You can switch to clothing made from popular chemicals and cotton, jute, linen, wool, or silk fabrics. Besides silk, natural fabrics are cheaper, comfortable to wear, and breathable. Unlike synthetic fabrics, natural fabrics are biodegradable and do not require a synthesis process. Many benefits of these products are that they are easy to decompose and do not produce toxic by-products. On the other hand, nylon, polyester, lycra, etc. They are manufactured through synthetic processing and are non biodegradable fabrics.

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